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CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF THE PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS This page describes the reactions of the Period 3 elements from sodium to argon with water, oxygen and chlorine. Reactions with water Sodium Sodium has a very exothermic reaction with cold water producing hydrogen and a colourless solution of sodium hydroxide.
Magnesium Magnesium has a very slight reaction with cold water, but burns in steam. A very clean coil of magnesium dropped into cold water eventually gets covered in small bubbles of hydrogen which float it to the surface. Magnesium hydroxide is formed as a very thin layer on the magnesium and this tends to stop the reaction.
Magnesium burns in steam with its typical white flame to produce white magnesium oxide and hydrogen.
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Note: If you are heating the magnesium in a glass tube, the magnesium also reacts with the glass. That leaves dark grey products (including silicon and perhaps boron from the glass) as well as the white magnesium oxide. Notice also that the oxide is produced on heating in steam. Hydroxides are only ever produced using liquid water. | ||
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Aluminium Aluminium powder heated in steam produces hydrogen and aluminium oxide. The reaction is relatively slow because of the existing strong aluminium oxide layer on the metal, and the build-up of even more oxide during the reaction.
Silicon There is a fair amount of disagreement in the books and on the web about what silicon does with water or steam. The truth seems to depend on the precise form of silicon you are using. The common shiny grey lumps of silicon with a rather metal-like appearance are fairly unreactive. Most sources suggest that this form of silicon will react with steam at red heat to produce silicon dioxide and hydrogen.
But it is also possible to make much more reactive forms of silicon which will react with cold water to give the same products. | ||
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Note: These more reactive forms are produced as powders. Cotton and Wilkinson's Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (third edition - page 316) suggests that the reactivity of one of these could be due to a very high surface area, or perhaps because the silicon exists in a graphite-like structure. A correspondent from the silicon industry tells me that when silicon is cut into slices, the silicon dust formed reacts with water at room temperature - producing hydrogen and getting very hot. He says
"The silicon is cut in a glycol slurry [. . .] The powdered Si is protected somewhat from moisture in the glycol slurry, but when we clean the slurry in aqueous solutions the reaction with water takes off." This is probably the effect of the high surface area of the dust produced, combined with the fact that you are exposing uncontaminated silicon to the water. One source suggests that the lack of reactivity of silicon is due to a layer of silicon dioxide on its surface. If you expose a new surface by cutting the silicon, that layer won't, of course, exist. | ||
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Phosphorus and sulphur These have no reaction with water. Chlorine Chlorine dissolves in water to some extent to give a green solution. A reversible reaction takes place to produce a mixture of hydrochloric acid and chloric(I) acid (hypochlorous acid).
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Note: You may also find the chloric(I) acid written as HClO. The form I have used more accurately reflects the way the atoms are joined up. It doesn't matter which you use. | ||
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In the presence of sunlight, the chloric(I) acid slowly decomposes to produce more hydrochloric acid, releasing oxygen gas, and you may come across an equation showing the overall change:
Argon There is no reaction between argon and water. Reactions with oxygen Sodium Sodium burns in oxygen with an orange flame to produce a white solid mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide. For the simple oxide:
For the peroxide:
Magnesium Magnesium burns in oxygen with an intense white flame to give white solid magnesium oxide.
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Note: If magnesium is burns in air rather than in pure oxygen, it also reacts with the nitrogen in the air. You get a mixture of magnesium oxide and magnesium nitride formed. | ||
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Aluminium Aluminium will burn in oxygen if it is powdered, otherwise the strong oxide layer on the aluminium tends to inhibit the reaction. If you sprinkle aluminium powder into a Bunsen flame, you get white sparkles. White aluminium oxide is formed.
Silicon Silicon will burn in oxygen if heated strongly enough. Silicon dioxide is produced.
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Note: There is disagreement between various web or textbook sources about the temperature needed to ignite the silicon, varying from 400°C to well over 1000°C. In fact, there isn't a "right" answer to this. It depends on what sort of silicon you are talking about and how finely divided it is. For example, one of the amorphous (non-crystalline powder) forms of silicon even catches fire spontaneously in air at room temperature. Other forms need higher temperatures and a richer oxygen supply. | ||
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Phosphorus White phosphorus catches fire spontaneously in air, burning with a white flame and producing clouds of white smoke - a mixture of phosphorus(III) oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide. The proportions of these depend on the amount of oxygen available. In an excess of oxygen, the product will be almost entirely phosphorus(V) oxide. For the phosphorus(III) oxide:
For the phosphorus(V) oxide:
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Note: You may come across these oxides written as P2O3 and P2O5. Don't use these forms! They are as logical as writing, say, ethene as CH2 and ethane as CH3. | ||
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Sulphur Sulphur burns in air or oxygen on gentle heating with a pale blue flame. It produces colourless sulphur dioxide gas.
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Note: Sulphur dioxide can, of course, be converted further into sulphur trioxide in the presence of oxygen, but it needs the presence of a catalyst and fairly carefully controlled conditions. If you are interested in this, see the page on the Contact Process. This isn't particularly relevant to the current topic, but if you do feel the urge to follow this link, use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page. | ||
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Chlorine and argon Despite having several oxides, chlorine won't react directly with oxygen. Argon doesn't react either. Reactions with chlorine Sodium Sodium burns in chlorine with a bright orange flame. White solid sodium chloride is produced.
Magnesium Magnesium burns with its usual intense white flame to give white magnesium chloride.
Aluminium Aluminium is often reacted with chlorine by passing dry chlorine over aluminium foil heated in a long tube. The aluminium burns in the stream of chlorine to produce very pale yellow aluminium chloride. This sublimes (turns straight from solid to vapour and back again) and collects further down the tube where it is cooler.
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Note: You may find versions of this equation showing the aluminium chloride as Al2Cl6. In fact, this exists in the vapour at temperatures not too far above the sublimation temperature - not in the solid. The structure of aluminium chloride is discussed on the page about Period 3 chlorides. If you follow this link, use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page. | ||
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Silicon If chlorine is passed over silicon powder heated in a tube, it reacts to produce silicon tetrachloride. This is a colourless liquid which vaporises and can be condensed further along the apparatus.
Phosphorus White phosphorus burns spontaneously in chlorine to produce a mixture of two chlorides, phosphorus(III) chloride and phosphorus(V) chloride (phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride). Phosphorus(III) chloride is a colourless fuming liquid.
Phosphorus(V) chloride is an off-white (going towards yellow) solid.
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Note: These equations are often given starting from P rather than P4. It depends which form of phosphorus you are talking about. If you are talking about white phosphorus (as I am here), P4 is the correct version. If you are talking about red phosphorus, then P is correct. Red phosphorus has a different (polymeric) structure, and P4 would be wrong for it. In my experience, red phosphorus is less commonly used in labs at this level (it isn't as excitingly reactive as white phosphorus!) - which is why I am concentrating on the white form. | ||
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Sulphur If a stream of chlorine is passed over some heated sulphur, it reacts to form an orange, evil-smelling liquid, disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2.
Chlorine and argon It obviously doesn't make sense to talk about chlorine reacting with itself, and argon doesn't react with chlorine.
 © Jim Clark 2005 (last updated November 2021) |
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2NaOH + H2
HCl + HOCl