Electrophilic Substitution Mechanisms Menu

Understanding Chemistry

ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION MECHANISMS MENU

What is electrophilic substitution? . . .: Some background on benzene (including links to more detailed discussions) and a general mechanism which covers several of benzene's reactions.
The nitration of benzene . . .: The mechanism for the formation of nitrobenzene from benzene.
The Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene . . .: The mechanism for the substitution of an acyl group such as CH₃CO into benzene.
The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene . . .: The mechanism for the substitution of an alkyl group such as CH₃ into benzene.
An industrial alkylation of benzene . . .: The mechanism for the substitution of an alkyl group such as CH₃CH₂ into benzene, by a reaction involving an alkene such as ethene.
The halogenation of benzene . . .: The mechanism for the substitution of atoms like chlorine and bromine into benzene rings.
The sulphonation of benzene . . .: The mechanism for reaction between benzene and concentrated sulphuric acid to produce benzenesulphonic acid
Some substitution reactions of methylbenzene . . .: Illustrates how to cope with the problem of substituting things into rings which already have something else attached.

Questions to test your understanding

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These questions cover all of the work on electrophilic substitution.

questions on electrophilic substitution

answers

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properties and reactions of arenes (aromatic hydrocarbons). . .: Covers all the physical and chemical properties of arenes like benzene and methylbenzene required by UK A level syllabuses.