ADDITION-ELIMINATION REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

This page looks at the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (Brady's reagent) as a test for the carbon-oxygen double bond. It also looks briefly at some other similar reactions which are all known as addition-elimination (or condensation) reactions.

The reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is often abbreviated to 2,4-DNP or 2,4-DNPH. A solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in a mixture of methanol and sulphuric acid is known as Brady's reagent.

What is 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine?

Although the name sounds complicated, and the structure looks quite complicated, it is actually very easy to work out.

Start with the formula of hydrazine. That's almost all you need to remember!

Hydrazine is:

In phenylhydrazine, one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group, C₆H₅. This is based on a benzene ring.

If you want to read more about the structure of benzene, you could follow this link to another part of the site. It isn't important for the purposes of the present page, and you might have to explore quite a lot of other pages to help you to understand that one.

In 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, there are two nitro groups, NO₂, attached to the phenyl group in the 2- and 4- positions. The corner with the nitrogen attached is counted as the number 1 position, and you just number clockwise around the ring.

Doing the reaction

Details vary slightly depending on the nature of the aldehyde or ketone, and the solvent that the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is dissolved in. Assuming you are using Brady's reagent (a solution of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in methanol and sulphuric acid):

Add either a few drops of the aldehyde or ketone, or possibly a solution of the aldehyde or ketone in methanol, to the Brady's reagent. A bright orange or yellow precipitate shows the presence of the carbon-oxygen double bond in an aldehyde or ketone.

This is the simplest test for an aldehyde or ketone.

The chemistry of the reaction

The overall reaction is given by the equation:

R and R' can be any combination of hydrogen or hydrocarbon groups (such as alkyl groups). If at least one of them is a hydrogen, then the original compound is an aldehyde. If both are hydrocarbon groups, then it is a ketone.

Look carefully at what has happened.

Provided you take care to draw the two starting molecules lined up right, working out the structure of the product is easy.

The product is known as a "2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone". Notice that all that has changed is the ending from "-ine" to "-one". That's possibly confusing!

The product from the reaction with ethanal would be called ethanal 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone; from propanone, you would get propanone 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone - and so on. That's not too difficult!

The reaction is known as a condensation reaction. A condensation reaction is one in which two molecules join together with the loss of a small molecule in the process. In this case, that small molecule is water.

In terms of mechanisms, this is a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine first adds across the carbon-oxygen double bond (the addition stage) to give an intermediate compound which then loses a molecule of water (the elimination stage).

Using the reaction

The reaction has two uses in testing for aldehydes and ketones.

• First, you can just use it to test for the presence of the carbon-oxygen double bond. You only get an orange or yellow precipitate from a carbon-oxygen double bond in an aldehyde or ketone.

• Secondly, you can use it to help to identify the specific aldehyde or ketone.

  The precipitate is filtered and washed with, for example, methanol and then recrystallised from a suitable solvent which will vary depending on the nature of the aldehyde or ketone. For example, you can recrystallise the products from the small aldehydes and ketones from a mixture of ethanol and water.

  The crystals are dissolved in the minimum quantity of hot solvent. When the solution cools, the crystals are re-precipitated and can be filtered, washed with a small amount of solvent and dried. They should then be pure.

  If you then find the melting point of the crystals, you can compare it with tables of the melting points of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of all the common aldehydes and ketones to find out which one you are likely to have got.

Some other similar reactions

If you go back and look at the equations, nothing in the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine changes during the reaction apart from the -NH₂ group. You can get a similar reaction if the -NH₂ group is attached to other things.

In each case, the reaction would look like this:

In what follows, all that changes is the nature of the "X".

with hydrazine

The product is a "hydrazone". If you started from propanone, it would be propanone hydrazone.

with phenylhydrazine

The product is a "phenylhydrazone".

with hydroxylamine

The product is an "oxime" - for example, ethanal oxime.